Measured and modelled above‐ and below‐canopy turbulent fluxes for a snow‐dominated mountain forest using GEOtop     

Andrew T. Fullhart  Thijs J. Kelleners  Heather N. Speckman  Daniel Beverly  Brent E. Ewers  John M. Frank  William J. Massman 《水文研究》2019,33(18):2464-2480

  相似文献   

Hydraulic redistribution and hydrological controls on aspen transpiration and establishment in peatlands following wildfire   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Midori Depante  Matthew Q. Morison  Richard M. Petrone  Kevin J. Devito  Nicholas Kettridge  James M. Waddington 《水文研究》2019,33(21):2714-2728

In the sub‐humid Western Boreal Plains of Alberta, where evapotranspiration often exceeds precipitation, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) uplands often depend on adjacent peatlands for water supply through hydraulic redistribution. Wildfire is common in the Boreal Plains, so the resilience of the transfer of water from peatlands to uplands through roots immediately following wildfire may have implications for aspen succession. The objective of this research was to characterize post‐fire peatland‐upland hydraulic connectivity and assess controls on aspen transpiration (as a measure of stress and productivity) among landscape topographic positions. In May 2011, a wildfire affected 90,000 ha of north central Alberta, including the Utikuma Region Study Area (URSA). Portions of an URSA glacio‐fluval outwash lake catchment were burned, which included forests and a small peatland. Within 1 year after the fire, aspen were found to be growing in both the interior and margins of this peatland. Across recovering land units, transpiration varied along a topographic gradient of upland midslope (0.42 mm hr^?1) > upland hilltop (0.29 mm hr^?1) > margin (0.23 mm hr^?1) > peatland (0.10 mm hr^?1); similar trends were observed with leaf area and stem heights. Although volumetric water content was below field capacity, P. tremuloides were sustained through roots present, likely before fire, in peatland margins through hydraulic redistribution. Evidence for this was observed through the analysis of oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and hydrogen (δ²H) isotopes where upland xylem and peat core signatures were ?10.0‰ and ?117.8‰ and ?9.2‰ and ?114.0‰, respectively. This research highlights the potential importance of hydraulic redistribution to forest sustainability and recovery, in which the continued delivery of water may result in the encroachment of aspen into peatlands. As such, we suggest that through altering ecosystem services, peatland margins following fire may be at risk to aspen colonization during succession.  相似文献   

Partition-coordinated control of soil and water loss for chestnut forests in the Yanshan Mountain Region,China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xinhui Ding  Guangquan Liu  Xiaoying Liu  Yongsheng Xie  Zhichun Yue 《国际泥沙研究》2019,34(1):58-64

Soil erosion from chestnut forests is one of the most important factors causing land degradation in the Yanshan Mountain Region. A 2-year field study was done to compare the effects on erosion of a control plot (CP), a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 6?m (MP 1), and a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 8?m (MP 2). The results showed that the slope runoff of chestnut forests was influenced by rainfall characteristic factors. No single rainfall characteristic factor showed dominance for hill slope runoff. The runoff reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures (MP 1 and MP 2) was substantial for chestnut forests under high rainfall intensity conditions. However, the runoff reduction efficiency was higher under the conditions of heavy rainfall and low average rainfall intensity than for storms with higher intensity and lower total rainfall. The reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures on the runoff and sediment yield of chestnut forest slopes was MP 2 > MP 1 > CP. The runoff reduction rate and erosion reduction rate of MP 2 reached 61.70% and 97.41%, respectively, and that for MP 1 was 54.15% and 85.31%, respectively. Therefore, after a comprehensive comparison, MP 2 was determined to be more effective for soil erosion control for a sloping chestnut forest.  相似文献   

Influence of length effect on embankment slope reliability in 3D          下载免费PDF全文

Michael A. Hicks  Yajun Li 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(7):891-915

Embankment slopes composed of spatially variable soils have a variety of different failure modes that are affected by the correlation distances of the material properties and the geometry and total length of the slope. This paper examines the reliability of soil slopes for embankments of different length and uses parallel computing to analyse very long embankments (up to 100 times the embankment height) for a clay soil characterised by a spatially varying undrained shear strength. Based on a series of analyses using the 3D random finite element method (RFEM), it is first shown that the reliability of slopes of various length can be efficiently computed by combining simple probability theory with a detailed 3D RFEM analysis of a representative shorter slope of length 10 times the slope height. RFEM predictions of reliability indices for longer slopes are then compared with results obtained using Vanmarcke's (1977a) simplified 3D method and Calle's (1985) extended 2D approach. It is shown that these methods can give significantly different results, depending on the horizontal scale of fluctuation relative to the slope length, with RFEM predicting a lower slope reliability than the Vanmarcke and Calle solutions in all cases. The differences in the solutions are evaluated and attributed to differences in the assumed and computed failure surface geometries.  相似文献   

双稀疏字典和FISTA的地震数据去噪          下载免费PDF全文

张良  韩立国  方金伟  张盼  刘争光 《地球物理学报》2019,62(7):2671-2683

地震数据的随机噪声去除是地震数据处理中的一项重要步骤，双稀疏字典提供了两层稀疏模型，比单层稀疏模型可以更好地去除噪声.该方法首先利用contourlet变换对地震数据进行稀疏表示，然后在contourlet域中使用快速迭代收缩阈值算法（fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm，FISTA）对初始字典系数进行更新，接着采用数据驱动紧标架（data-driven tight frame，DDTF）在contourlet域中得到DDTF字典并通过FISTA得到更新后的字典系数，最后通过DDTF字典和更新后的字典系数获得新的contourlet系数，并对新的contourlet系数进行硬阈值和contourlet反变换得到去噪后的数据.通过模拟数据和实际数据的实验证明：与固定基变换去噪方法相比，该方法可以自适应地对地震数据进行稀疏表示，在地震数据较为复杂时得到更高的信噪比；与字典学习去噪方法相比，该方法不仅拥有较快的去噪速度，而且克服了字典学习因为缺少先验约束造成瑕疵的缺点.  相似文献   

How do machine learning techniques help in increasing accuracy of landslide susceptibility maps?     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(3):871-883

Landslides are abundant in mountainous regions.They are responsible for substantial damages and losses in those areas.The A1 Highway,which is an important road in Algeria,was sometimes constructed in mountainous and/or semi-mountainous areas.Previous studies of landslide susceptibility mapping conducted near this road using statistical and expert methods have yielded ordinary results.In this research,we are interested in how do machine learning techniques help in increasing accuracy of landslide susceptibility maps in the vicinity of the A1 Highway corridor.To do this,an important section at Ain Bouziane(NE,Algeria) is chosen as a case study to evaluate the landslide susceptibility using three different machine learning methods,namely,random forest(RF),support vector machine(SVM),and boosted regression tree(BRT).First,an inventory map and nine input factors were prepared for landslide susceptibility mapping(LSM) analyses.The three models were constructed to find the most susceptible areas to this phenomenon.The results were assessed by calculating the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve,the standard error(Std.error),and the confidence interval(CI) at 95%.The RF model reached the highest predictive accuracy(AUC=97.2%) comparatively to the other models.The outcomes of this research proved that the obtained machine learning models had the ability to predict future landslide locations in this important road section.In addition,their application gives an improvement of the accuracy of LSMs near the road corridor.The machine learning models may become an important prediction tool that will identify landslide alleviation actions.  相似文献   

随机森林模型在遥感水深反演中的应用     

邱耀炜  沈蔚  纪茜 《海洋技术学报》2019,38(5)

随着我国浅海测绘需求的日益增长,文中利用四波段的WorldView-2高分辨率遥感影像,选取我国南海西沙群岛中的甘泉岛和台湾南湾地区作为典型试验区,开展水深反演研究。引入随机森林算法构建了随机森林水深反演模型,并同常用的3种水深反演模型进行精度对比。结果表明,在甘泉岛和南湾地区随机森林模型反演的水深值和真实水深值的RMSE分别为0.85 m和1.59 m,MRE分别为8%和12%,均优于其他3种模型。  相似文献   

Mapping wetland characteristics using temporally dense Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data: A case study in the St. Lucia wetlands,South Africa     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

Wetlands have been determined as one of the most valuable ecosystems on Earth and are currently being lost at alarming rates. Large-scale monitoring of wetlands is of high importance, but also challenging. The Sentinel-1 and -2 satellite missions for the first time provide radar and optical data at high spatial and temporal detail, and with this a unique opportunity for more accurate wetland mapping from space arises. Recent studies already used Sentinel-1 and -2 data to map specific wetland types or characteristics, but for comprehensive wetland characterisations the potential of the data has not been researched yet. The aim of our research was to study the use of the high-resolution and temporally dense Sentinel-1 and -2 data for wetland mapping in multiple levels of characterisation. The use of the data was assessed by applying Random Forests for multiple classification levels including general wetland delineation, wetland vegetation types and surface water dynamics. The results for the St. Lucia wetlands in South Africa showed that combining Sentinel-1 and -2 led to significantly higher classification accuracies than for using the systems separately. Accuracies were relatively poor for classifications in high-vegetated wetlands, as subcanopy flooding could not be detected with Sentinel-1’s C-band sensors operating in VV/VH mode. When excluding high-vegetated areas, overall accuracies were reached of 88.5% for general wetland delineation, 90.7% for mapping wetland vegetation types and 87.1% for mapping surface water dynamics. Sentinel-2 was particularly of value for general wetland delineation, while Sentinel-1 showed more value for mapping wetland vegetation types. Overlaid maps of all classification levels obtained overall accuracies of 69.1% and 76.4% for classifying ten and seven wetland classes respectively.  相似文献   

志愿者民航客机夜光遥感方法与数据验证     

宿瑞博  汪驰升  王永全  唐倩迪 《测绘通报》2020,(4):87

夜光遥感是遥感技术一个活跃的分支，能够反映人类社会活动的痕迹。在城市监测、经济参数评估、重大事件评估等方面有着独特的优势。近年来夜光数据的应用不断拓展，这对传统的卫星夜光遥感数据提出了更高的要求。本文基于大众遥感、志愿者遥感理念，提出了一种夜光遥感数据获取的新方法——民航客机遥感（PARS）。以长沙市为研究区域获取PARS夜光遥感影像，并将所得数据与传统卫星遥感数据作对比。结果表明，PARS捕获的夜光遥感数据在分辨率、波段及时效性上比传统方式表现得更为优秀，是一种低成本、灵活及多样化的遥感数据获取方式，具有很大的发展潜力。  相似文献   

SESTET: A spatially explicit stream temperature model based on equilibrium temperature     

Luca Carraro  Marco Toffolon  Andrea Rinaldo  Enrico Bertuzzo 《水文研究》2020,34(2):355-369

Stream-water temperature is a key variable controlling chemical, biological, and ecological processes in freshwater environments. Most models focus on a single river cross-section; however, temperature gradients along stretches and tributaries of a river network are crucial to assess ecohydrological features such as aquatic species suitability, growth and feeding rates, or disease transmission. We propose SESTET, a deterministic, spatially explicit stream temperature model for a whole river network, based on water and energy budgets at a reach scale and requiring only commonly available spatially distributed datasets, such as morphology and air temperature, as input. Heat exchange processes at the air–water interface are modelled via the widely used equilibrium temperature concept, whereas the effects of network structure are accounted for through advective heat fluxes. A case study was conducted on the prealpine Wigger river (Switzerland), where water temperatures have been measured in the period 2014–2018 at 11 spatially distributed locations. The results show the advantages of accounting for water and energy budgets at the reach scale for the entire river network, compared with simpler, lumped formulations. Because our approach fundamentally relies on spatially distributed air temperature fields, adequate spatial interpolation techniques that account for the effects of both elevation and thermal inversion in air temperature are key to a successful application of the model. SESTET allows the assessment of the magnitude of the various components of the heat budget at the reach scale and the derivation of reliable estimates of spatial gradients of mean daily stream temperatures for the whole catchment based on a limited number of conveniently located (viz., spanning the largest possible elevation range) measuring stations. Moreover, accounting for mixing processes and advective fluxes through the river network allows one to trust regionalized values of the parameters controlling the relationship between equilibrium and air temperature, a key feature to generalize the model to data-scarce catchments.  相似文献